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This term describes the average number of the individuals of a species, reffered to a land unit (individual density); the term is also used in geo ecology for the average number of ecotopes in a land unit (Neef 1981).
geography: geographical space of a landscape characteristic different of the environment (Herz 1983)
ecology: permanent settlement area of an animal or a plant (Kutter 1993)
miscellaneous: area of a specified land use
A data sampling technique that uses accumulated knowledge from samples already taken to direct future sampling. For example, redundant sample points may be rejected during the sampling process on the grounds that they carry too little extra information. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
Aggregation has two aspects:
(1) the thematic dimension, e.g. combining several variables into one 'aggregate' or by adding up for example figures on land cover of different hierarchical levels of a classification to an upper level (e.g. from 44 CORINE Land Cover classes on the 3rd level to 15 classes at 2nd level),
(2) the spatial dimension, e.g. adding up (or averaging) figures referenced to small reference units to larger areas (upper levels of the regional reference system) without changing the meaning. (EC Glossary Agriculture).
A level of spatial measurement referring to a two-dimensional defined space. A polygon on the earth as projected onto a horizontal plane is an example of an area. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
A parameter that is associated with a feature of a topographic or other three dimensional surface that tells which direction the surface slopes. Aspect is the compass direction (usually from North) for the of the line of steepest slope at some selected point. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
Autocorrelation tests whether the observed value of a variable at on locality is significant dependent on values of the variable at other localities (Sokal & Oden 1978).
Spatial obstacle between similar patches
(Bastian & Steinhardt 2002)
Static or dynamic factors such as physical features, time, season, speed,
direction and accumulation, which must be considered when performing distance
analyses. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al
)
The variety of life forms, especially number of species, but includuing number of ecosystem types and genetic variation within species (Forman 1995).
Assemblage or community of plants and animals with the same or similar ecological demands in a distinct area (Forman 1995).
Region of relatively uniform environmental conditions, occupied by a given plant community and its associated animal community (European Commission 2000).
Spatial connection of biotopes, which makes possible for propagation and/or exchange of its populations. It is directly, if a common border and/or transition zone is present, or indirect, if only functional relations exists. (ANL 1994).
A zone composed of the edges of adjacent ecosystems (Forman 1995).
A zone of specified distance around an object (point, line, or area) (Malczewski 1999).
The maximum admissible use of ecosystems in their landscape, compatible
with the long-term preservation or reproduction of the necessary basic
conditions (Syrbe 2002).
(1) the basic element of spatial information in a grid (raster) data set;
(2) a single value in a database (or spreadsheet) defined by intersecting
a row or record with a field or column (Malczewski
1999
).
A specific arrangement of spatial elements that is found in different places (Forman 1995).
Connectedness refers to structural links between elements of the spatial structure of a landscape, and can be described from mappable elements (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
A topological property of lines and nodes being linked or attached to each other, typically pertaining to infrastructure networks such as utility and transportation systems (Malczewski 1999).
Connectivity is a measure of how connected or spatially continous a corridor, network, or matrix is. (The fewer gaps, the higher the connectivity. Related to the structural connectivity concept; functional or behavioral connectivity refers to how connected an area is for a process, such as an animal moving through different types of landscape elements.)(Forman 1995).
A strip of a particular type that differs from the adjacent land on both sides. (Corridors have several important functions, including conduit, barrier and habitat.)(Forman 1995)
Domain with the same textual information and adequate scale interval requiring a certain spatial order of size of the objects investigated as well as a specific intensity of analysis and synthesis; reflected in the selection of features denoting the selected objects (topological, chorological, regional, zonal, global dimension) (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
Disturbance is an event that significantly alters the pattern of variation in the structure or function of a system ( Forman 1995).
Diversity is a measure for the variety of manifestations (species and structures) and the uniformity of their distribution, referred on a biocoenosis, an ecological system or a land unit. For the determination of the diversity also the “evenness” is consulted as measure for the uniform distribution of the parts; it is called also occurrence of the diversity. (ANL 1984).
A rectangular (x,y) coordinate measurement of distance east from a north-south reference line, usually a meridian used as the axis of origin within a map zone or projection. False easting is an adjustment constant added to coordinate values to eliminate (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
This term represents the corresponding area of productive land and aquatic ecosystems required to produce the ressources used, and to assimilate the wastes produced, by a defined population at a specified material standard of living, wehrever on earth that land may be located (Rees 1996).
Ecological discontinuities can be defined as a sudden change in any property of an ecological system as a consequence of smooth and continuous change in an independent variable. Ecological discontinuities imply critical values of the independent variable around which the system flips from one stable state to another, that is, ecological thresholds. (Muradian 2001).
Portions of the universe favorable for living organisms and in which all ecological processes are contained (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
Functional unit of the ecosphere consisting of living beings, and natural abiotic and man-made components which are interrelated and interacting with their environment through energetic, material and information processes (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
Zone of transition between adjacent ecosystems, having a set of characteristics uniquely defined by space and time scales and by the strength of the interactions between adjacent ecosystems (Holland 1988).
Least landscape ecological unit with homogeneous conditions (substratum, soil, water, climate, vegetation, fauna) (Bastian & Schreiber 1999).
The portion of an ecosystem near its perimeter, where influences of the surrundings prevent development of interior environmental conditions. (Edge effect refers to the distinctive species composition or abundance in this outer portion.) (Forman 1995).
When the landscape is represented as a mosaic of qualitatively different types (e.g., forest vs. grassland), edges are defined simply as the location where two types adjoin. However, when the landscape is represented as a continuum in amount or intensity of some variable (e.g., tree density), then defining edges as discrete entities becomes a problem. One solution is to define edges as the points where the local gradients exceeds some threshold (Turner & Gardner 1991).
Euclidean distance may be used to calculate the linear “distance” or difference between two points that are characterized by many variables. Squared Euclidean distance (SED) is the square of the difference between the means of each variable in adjacent windows, summed across all variables used. Standardized Euclidean distance divides the measure of each variable in each sample by the largest value observed for each variable in the entire data set (Tuner & Gardner 1991).
Measure for the uniform distribution of species with the determination of the diversity; also designated as occurrence of the diversity (ANL 1994).
Evenness refers to the share of area among different classes in a reference unit (European Commission 2000).
Fetch is an index to the thickness of the layer of air in contact with the surface that is in equilirium with the energy exchanges occuring at the surface. … The properties of a moving air mass at the leading edge of a new surface obviously represent the old surface it has just passed over, and it takes some distance before a new boundary layer forms that is fully in balance with the energy exchanges ocuring at the new surface. The distance that the air must travel before it achives such an equilibrium throughout a specified thickness is called fetch (Turner & Gardner 1991).
The drainage path through a watershed that begins at any selected point (called the flow path seed) and runs to one of the outlets of the study site. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
A fractal is a set, that’s Hausdorff Besicovitch dimension (also: fractale dimension) exceeds genuinely the topological dimension (Mandelbrot 1987).
Generally fractals are characterized by infinite detail, by infinite length, by the absence of an upward gradient or a ' derivative ', by broken dimension, self similarity - and they can be produced [... ] by iteration ( Briggs & Peat 1990).
This term describes a generally gradual phenomenon marked by the rupture of certain linkages – a reduction in connectivity – among ecosystems in a given landscape (Aronson & Le Floc’h 1996).
Generalisation is "the reduction of detail or simplification of reality". In cartography generalisation refers to geometric and thematic features of maps. The process of generalisation consists of simplification (e.g. river represented as areas at the scale of 1/50000 and as line at the scale of 1/500000), selection (selection of features while others are dropped) and classification (individual characteristics grouped into classes for comprehension and ease of representation) (European Commission 2000).
Geographic Information System. An organised collection of specific computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse and display all forms of geographically referenced information (e.g. raster/vector) that can be drawn from different sources (European Commission 2000) .
The finest level of spatial resolution possible with a given data set; e.g. pixel size for raster data (Turner & Gardner 1991).
The ecosystem where a species lives, or the conditions within that ecosystems. (Multihabiatat animals use or require more than one habitat type.)(Forman 1995).
Hemeroby means the effect of human influence on ecosystems. It indicates the ecological load, so there are decided many degrees from natural over near-natural, semi-natural until anthropogenetic (Leser et al. 1987).
Diverse character of a designated group of different objects ( European Commission 2000).
The uneven, non-random distribution of objects. (Contrast with homogeneity, and also with arrangement where objects are spatially configured in a particular way.) (Forman 1995).
Comprehensive ecological approach of natural consideration, where the units of the higher hierarchical level are more than the mere sum of its parts. For this reason an explanatory reduction always leaves an unexplained remain (ANL 1994).
An indicator is a measure, generally quantitative, that can be used to illustrate and communicate complex phenomena simply, including trends and progress over time. ‘An indicator provides a clue to a matter of larger significance or makes perceptible a trend or phenomenon that is not immediately detectable. An indicator is a sign or symptom that makes something known with a reasonable degree of certainty. An indicator reveals, gives evidence, and its significance extends beyond what is actually measured to a larger phenomenon of interest’ (IETF, 1996). (European Environmental Agency 2005).
An index is the aggregation of indicators or parameters on mathematical or logical basis, which is accomplished according to fixed algorithms (Fürst et al. 1992).
An interpolation procedure for obtaining statistically unbiased estimates of surface elevations from a set of control points. This is based on the stochastic aspects of spatial variation, and originally used to estimate the location of ore deposits. ( Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al).
Land cover corresponds to a (bio)physical description of the earth's surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished - basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields, lawns), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses, wetlands) (European Commission 2000).
Land unit is a tract of land that is ecologically homogeneous at the scale level concerned (Zonneveld 1989).
Utilization, management and protection of the earth's surface or the natural resources of a certain area by human. (Bastian & Schreiber 1999).
Land use takes place in space and time and can be understood as a sample of different use types, which arrange themselves spatially, to partly overlay and a temporal change is subjected (Brassel 1988).
Land use corresponds to the socio-economic description (functional dimension) of areas: areas used for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, for farming or forestry, for recreational or conservation purposes, etc. Links with land cover are possible; it may be possible to infer land use from land cover and conversely. But situations are often complicated and the link is not so evident. Contrary to land cover, land use is difficult to "observe". For example, it is often difficult to decide if grasslands are used or not for agricultural purposes. Distinctions between land use and land cover and their definition have impacts on the development of classification systems, data collection and information systems in general (European Commission 2000).
This term describes a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern (Neef 1967).
Complex concept encompassing several definitions. The one ... is considering landscape as an area containing a mosaic of land cover patches. Third dimension of space and its effect on visual perception are not taken into account. Only the spatial configuration is considered which however influences landscape physiognomy ( European Commission 2000).
Delineation of landscape units developed by German geographers. The classification of spatial units is mainly based on the geophysical criteria such as geological bedrock, morphology and relief (European Commission 2000).
Indistinct, ambiguous term for components of the landscape. Landscape element can be a ecological factor, a control feature or a process iside of the ecosytem.(Leser et al. 1985).
Each of the relatively homogeneous units, or spatial elements recognized at the scale of landscape mosaic. (This refers to each patch, corridor, and the area of matrix in the landscape). (Forman 1995).
Group of indexes used to characterise composition and spatial configuration of landscape such as diversity, homogeneity, fragmentation, etc. ( European Commission 2000).
It means the three dimensional spatial organization at the surface of the landscape: i.e. the pattern of geocomponents or landscape elements disregarding processes and functional relationships (Bastian & Stainhardt 2002).
A leitbild is a target system describing fully the aspired state of a spatial unit, taking into consideration the relevance of the diverse objectives (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
Background ecological system, characterized by expanded surface covering, high connecting degree and/or main control of the landscape dynamics (Forman 1995).
Data about the data in an information system (Malczewski 1999).
Microchores (from Greek word „chora" for land and space) have an average size of about 12 km². Their rank is defined by the second aggregation stage of ecotopes. Each stage has a simple structure: a combination of several core areas with an outward transition area around and some smaller singular patches inside (Syrbe 1998).
Digital image processing smoothing technique. Each pixel is assigned the value of the surrounding pixels by applying a statistical operator (i.e. mean, max, etc.) (European Commission 2000).
A pattern of patches, corridors and matrix, each composed of small, similar aggregated objects. (Forman 1995).
Nano-geochores (short nanochores) are heterogeneously composed natural
associations with the simplest structure. They represent units (mosaics) with
a very limited number or sets of topes and geoforms corresponding to them.
(Haase 1989).
Sum of functional relationships of living beings and their abiotic environment and between landscapes ( ANL 1984).
Delineation of landscape units developed by German geographers. The classification of spatial units is mainly based on the geophysical criteria such as geological bedrock, morphology and relief. EC Glossary Agriculture
The german term “naturraum” means a cutout of the earth's surface (geosphaere), which is characterized through uniform structure of natural landscape and same process pattern of its natural components determined ( Neef et al. 1973).
A system of lines linking a given set of points ( Malczewski 1999).
An interconnected system of corridors. (Forman 1995) .
Patterns of connected landscape elements, which were important for the ecological functioning of the landscape (Schreiber 1988).
A nomenclature is a list of categories, summarising information in a highly reduced form while attempting to maintain a maximum information content. A nomenclature normally covers a particular field of interest (European Commission 2000).
With the term parameter are designated all directly measurable, constitutive elements of an environmental medium or capacities of an ecosystem. Parameters are scalable ordinal or cardinal ( Fürst et al. 1992).
Territorial unit, which represents an area covered by one single land cover class (European Commission 2000).
A relatively homogeneous nonlinear area that differs from ist surroundings. (The internal microheterogeneity present is repeated in similar form throughout the area of a patch) ( Forman 1995).
Oecotopes show a landscape-typical surface pattern, which is caused by patch forms and patch sizes. (Leser et al. 1987).
It means the patch density of all types ( Forman und Godron 1986).
Comprising name for contents and internal order of a heterogeneous land unit; the structure is determined by the composition, the configuration and the mensur (proportions) of constituting ecotopes (Neef et al. 1973).
Percolation theory ist the study of spatially random processes. Originally applied in studies of porous materials such as ceramics and metallic films, percolation theory has found application in landscape ecology as a statement of the expected structure of landscapes under the assumption of randomness. Percolation theory provides random expectations for the aggregation of patches and the movement of animals or disturbances ( Turner & Gardner 1991).
Picture element.
One of the two major types of internal data organisation used in GIS (see also vector). Raster systems superimpose a regular grid over the area of interest and associate each cell or pixel, with one or more data records. The value associated with each grid cell may represent either real values or any scalar or nominal data values associated with the cell coordinate (European Commission 2000).
Territorial unit in which data are represented (e.g. NUTS region). The definition of unit is based on homogeneous conditions from either a biophysical or agricultural or geographical point of view (European Commission 2000).
This term denotes a conscious effort to reestablish preexisting relationships of connectivity among contiguous ecosytems in cases where human activities have caused ruptures and fragmentation (Aronson & Le Floc’h 1996).
Richness refers to the number of classes in a reference unit ( European Commission 2000).
A level of representing of reality; the relationship between distance on a map image and the corresponding distance in reality, commonly expressed as a fraction (Malczewski 1999).
The spatial or temporal dimension of an object or process, characterized by both, grain and extent (Turner & Gardner 1991).
Semivariograms provide measurements of variance at many scales by comparing the values of a random variable at two points separated by a given lag distance. Given points in space, each with a value for some random variable X, the semivariance is defined as:
g(h) = 0,5 N(h) Sum(Xj – Xj+h)² [Sum from j = 1 to N(h)]
where g(h) is the semivariance at lag h, N(h) ist the number of pair-wise comparisons at lag h, and Xj is the random variate at position j (Turner & Gardner 1991).
In ecology: The whole of the constant physical and chemical conditions influencing the residence and/or stature place of an organism or a biocoenosis.
In geography: Part of the landscape, which advantages the development of certain biocoenosis as well as certain land use by cooperating local climate, soil characteristics, water regime and land form (ANL 1994).
A measure of how steeply a surface or line inclines. Slope is computed by dividing a line’s vertical rise or fall by the distance the line travels on the surface (the "rise over the run") - usually expressed as a percentage. (Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al.).
This term describes an area or reservoir where output exceeds input. (Contrasts with sink where input is greather than output.) (Forman 1995).
Systematic and perennial form of arrangement of objects in geographical space and of relations between these objects (European Commission 2000).
Statistical technique allowing variables whose values are expressed in different measurement units to be compared. In general, the technique consists of dividing the difference of each value to the mean by the standard deviation (European Commission 2000).
Insular lain patch in different environment, which enables or strengthens a migration or a propagation of organisms over larger distances (ANL 1994).
Kind of the spatial arrangement and the linkage of the elements of a system including all existing material couplings (Kutter 1993).
Everlasting preservation of the efficiency of ecological systems to yield benefit for present and future generations (Bastian & Steinhardt 2002).
A structured set of objects and / or attributs. The objects and attributes consists of components or variables (i.e. phenomena which are free to assume variable magnitudes) that exhibit discernible relationships which one another and operate together as a complex whole according to some observation pattern (Kirkby et al. 1992).
In the image processing literature, texture refers in the broadest sense
to the pattern of brightness variations within an image or a region within
an image. Texture includes such concepts as uniformity, coarseness, regularity,
frequency, and linearity (Turner & Gardner
1991).
The composition of our study object shows in the topological dimension a relatively low variation in horizontal space. The minimum area of study may vary from a few square meters up to a maimum of several kilometers. If mapping is involved, the map scale will be usually much more detailed than 25.000. The relationship study between the components concentrates especially on the so-called vertical ones, that is, between the various strata such as soil, water, vegetation, climate, animal and human action. These are called, together with the very short-range energy and information flow in the horizontal plane, the topological relationships. Classical detailed ecosystem study was usually restricted to the topological dimension. (Zonneveld 1995)
It entails the cooperation and coordination of all disciplines and subdisciplines related to the field of research. It coordinates science, education, and innovation form society within one system. The systems approach is the most basic principle. Practitioners and interests from science and outside the academic world are involved (Tress & Tress 2002).
It is an integrated field of several sciences form different areas and from planning with the goal of an improvement of human conditions and long-term, environmentally-sustainable urban development (Breuste 2002).
The variance staircase method begins with the observation that the sample variance, s², assiciated with a mean is inversely proportional to sample size or area, n. If ln s² is plotted as a function of ln n, the result is a strait line with a slope of –1 as long as the sampled population is randomly distributed in space so that each new sample is independent of previous samples. However, if significant spatial correlation exists with correlation coefficient, r, than the next sample will not be independent and the strait line will derivate from the slope of -1. The slope will ly between -1 and 0 (0 <= r < 1) (Smith 1938).
One of the two major types of internal data organisation used in GIS (see also raster). Vector systems are based primarily on coordinate geometry and take advantage of the convenient division of spatial data into point, line and polygon types (European Commission 2000).
The entire area above a given point (called the watershed seed) that drains into that point.(Glossary of GIS Terminology by Padmanabhan et al.).
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